RECOMMENDATION 1

Resources and references

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Blair SN. Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(1):1-2. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/43/1/1.long.

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Gallow S, McGinley J, Olver J, McKenzie D, Williams G. Exercise-induced symptom exacerbation and adverse events in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2026;41(2):E91-E100. https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000001093.

Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334-59. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb.

Hassett L, Johnson L, on behalf of the BRIDGES Guideline Development Group. Australian Physical Activity Clinical Practice Guideline for People with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 2024. ISBN: 978-1-74210-577-2. https://8d847da2-043f-4c55-8d3b-8be0e2312c8f.filesusr.com/ugd/be2cac_bc56220e83194049bd04ab04fcef9ea2.pdf

Hassett L, Moseley A, Harmer A. The aetiology of reduced cardiorespiratory fitness among adults with severe traumatic brain injury and the relationship with physical activity: a narrative review. Brain Impair. 2016;17(1):43-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/BrImp.2015.28.

Hassett LM, Harmer AR, Moseley AM, Mackey MG. Validity of the modified 20-metre shuttle test: assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness in people who have sustained a traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2007;21(10):1069-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050701630375.

Hassett LM, Moseley AM, Whiteside B, Barry S, Jones T. Circuit class therapy can provide a fitness training stimulus for adults with severe traumatic brain injury: a randomised trial within an observational study. J Physiother. 2012;58(2):105-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1836-9553(12)70090-5.

Hunter M, Tomberlin J, Kirkikis C, Kuna ST. Progressive exercise testing in closed head-injured subjects: comparison of exercise apparatus in assessment of a physical conditioning program. Phys Ther. 1990;70(6):363-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/70.6.363.

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Laskin JJ. Physiological adaptations to concurrent muscular strength and aerobic endurance training in functionally active adults with a physical disability. University of Alberta, 2001. https://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60316.pdf

MacKay-Lyons M, Makrides L, Speth S. Effect of 15% body weight support on exercise capacity of adults without impairments. Phys Ther. 2001;81(11):1790-800. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/81.11.1790.

Mackay-Lyons MJ, Makrides L. Exercise capacity early after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(12):1697-702. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2002.36395.

Ozemek C, Bonikowske A, Christle J, Gallo P. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (12th Edition). Baltimore: Walters Kluwer, 2025. ISBN: 978-1-9752-1920-8.

Palmer-McLean K, Harbst K. Stroke and brain injury (chapter 38). In: Durstine J, Moore G, Painter PL, et al., eds. ACSM’s Exercise Management For Persons With Chronic Diseases and Disabilities (3rd Edition). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 2009:287-97. ISBN: 0736074333.

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The BRIDGES Guideline Development Group. Australian Physical Activity Clinical Practice Guideline for People with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Technical Report. The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 2024. https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/handle/2123/32165/Technical%20Report_Aust%20PA%20CPG%20for%20msTBI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Tobimatsu Y, Nakamura R, Kusano S, Iwasaki Y. Cardiorespiratory endurance in people with cerebral palsy measured using an arm ergometer. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(8):991-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90099-5.

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Vitale AE, Sullivan SJ, Jankowski LW, Fleury J, Lefrançois C, Lebouthillier E. Screening of health risk factors prior to exercise or a fitness evaluation of adults with traumatic brain injury: a consensus by rehabilitation professionals. Brain Inj. 1996;10(5):367-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990596124377.